This study utilised the World Inequality Database (WID), created in January 2011 by the Piketty research teams, for its data. It used the database on inequalities in Africa that was created for the first time in October 2019 by the WID research teams. These data allowed us to analyse the structure of inequalities as well as extreme inequalities in the five North African countries, namely; Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. We also attempted to analyse these inequalities with regard to the efforts made to reduce them, particularly through the redistributive effects of the fiscal and social policies of these countries. In order to do so, we relied on the latest work of the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) of Harvard University. Finally, we sought to analyse the specificities of each inequality reduction model in North Africa.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly being promoted as the solution to the shortfall in financing needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With ever greater frequency, PPPs are being used to deliver economic infrastructure, such as railways, roads, airports and ports, as well as key services such as health, education, water and electricity in both the global north and the global south.

The 1949 Convention was the subject of much controversy. Indeed, favoring COTUSAL, this convention has allowed the latter to hold the monopoly of the salt market in Tunisia4 until 1994, when its first competitor entered the market. Moreover, since the colonial era and up to the present day, this convention grants to COTUSAL a minimal tax calculated on the basis of the lowest tax bracket relating to the exploitation of Tunisian land.